C) measuring the positions of stars on the sky, 8) By itself, the Doppler technique provides a measure of a planet's, 9) Planets detected via the Doppler technique have been mostly, 10) Current techniques can measure stellar motion to less than, 11) A planet's density can be measured by combining, 12) The composition of a planet can be determined by, 13) The size and shape of a planet's orbit can be determined by, 14) The astrometric technique of planet detection works best for, 15) The transit method of planet detection works best for. However, the two most promising techniques for finding more Earth-like extrasolar planets are direct imaging and transits (so long as we can improve our technology enough!) It applies to both sound and light (although they are somewhat different mathematically). Transits of multiple planet systems can be analyzed to infer planetary masses. Computer models that simulate planetary formation show that interactions between young planets and other material in the surrounding disk can cause planetary migration. A) Earth-mass, in Earth-like orbits. It detects planets in all orbit orientations except face-on. Most planets are detected by the Doppler wobble in the parent star or if the planet transits in front of the parent star. C) Jupiter-mass, in very close orbits. Most of the planets discovered around other stars are more massive than Jupiter. Once a planet forms in a disk-like nebula around a star, its orbit is fixed and will never change. So to make some sense of all the stuff I just said, most planets so far have been found using the Doppler and transit methods. Its disadvantage is that it can yield only the planet's and orbital properties. Jupiter-mass, in very close orbits. 3) What do we mean when we say that the Sun is in gravitational equilibrium? It's best for detecting massive planets with close-in orbits. Typically the mass of the planet m p is small enough to ignore. E) Star 1 is 10 times more distant than Star 2. Which of the following best explains why the nebular theory(as it stood before the discoveries of extrasolar planets) had not predicted the existence of hot Jupiters? Answer: D. 9) Planets detected via the Doppler technique have been mostly . This page updated on February 10, 2016. A planet’s density can be measured by combining Using the method of Mathematical Insight Finding Sizes of Extrasolar Planets, calculate the radius of the transiting planet. B) The original alphabetical labeling did not correspond to surface temperature and thus had to. extrasolar planet orbits tend to be closer and more eccentric than in our Solar System. If you have ever heard the changing pitch of a siren as it passed by, you have experienced the Doppler Shift first hand. The __________ successfully discovered thousands of extrasolar planets with a spacecraft that searched for transits among some 100,000 stars. 20) Which of the following terms is given to a pair of stars that appear to change positions in the, 21) Which of the following terms is given to a pair of stars that we can determine are orbiting. This diagram shows the orbital path of the Sun around the center of mass of our solar system as it would appear from a distance of 30 light-years for the period 1960-2025. 21) What characteristic distinguishes a meteorite from a terrestrial rock? 23) The first step in the proton-proton chain produces an antielectron, or positron. A) The solar wind electromagnetically "blows" the ions directly away from the Sun. This technique works only in the rare cases when the planet's orbit is nearly edge-on as seen from Earth. This is because the parent star will wiggle more with a large planet nearby, thereby creating a larger and more easily detectable spectral shift. B) by comparing its infrared thermal emission to its visible-light reflection, 16) If we know the size of an asteroid, we can determine its density by. C) orbital eccentricity. Compare this density to the average densities of Saturn (0.7g/cm3) and Earth (5.5g/cm3). The shape of the periodic velocity pattern. E) have plotted distributions of the orbital radii of the asteroids. The velocity change of the star is a measure. The __________ is used to find extrasolar planets by carefully monitoring changes in a star's brightness with time. Consider the planet that causes the stellar motion shown in Plot 2 (be sure you have clicked the "Plot 2" button in the lower window of the animation). Astronomers have discovered more planets around other stars than in our Solar System. 6) What is the size of the largest asteroid? C) determining its mass from its gravitational pull on a spacecraft, satellite, or planet. Its disadvantage is that few planets have the necessary orbital alignment to even be detectable. By itself, the Doppler technique provides a measure of a planet’s. Today, the leading hypothesis for the existence of hot Jupiters is that they formed in their outer solar systems and then migrated inward. 14) Why isn't there a planet where the asteroid belt is located? B) strong magnetic fields slow convection and prevent hot plasma from entering the region. It requires large telescopes, and it provides only minimum mass when orbital inclination to Earth is unknown. C) They formed as gas giants beyond the frost line and then migrated inwards. In several cases, multiple planets have been observed around a … In November of 2013, after the failure of two of its reaction wheels, the telescope began its K2 mission, during which time an additional 515 planets have been detected and 178 have been … Question 8 0.5 out of 0.5 points Planets detected via the Doppler technique have been mostly Selected Answer: Jupiter-mass, in very close orbits. Since the 1990s, astronomers have been monitoring nearby stars looking for evidence of Doppler shifts caused by orbiting planets. why are many of the newly detected extrasolar planets called hot jupiters. What are the strengths and limitations of the transit method? B) three-quarters hydrogen, one-quarter helium, no more than 2 percent heavier elements, 2) Since all stars begin their lives with the same basic composition, what characteristic most. Transit photometry and Doppler spectroscopy have found the most, but these methods suffer from a clear observational bias favoring the detection of planets near the star; thus, 85% of the exoplanets detected are inside the tidal locking zone. Notice the four locations marked by the bold numbers 1 through 4. 22) Primitive meteorites can be distinguished from other meteorites and terrestrial rocks because. Based on the model types shown in Figure 13.16 in the textbook, a planet made almost entirely of hydrogen compounds would be considered a, Use Kepler's third law to find the planet's average distance (semimajor axis) from its star. An extrasolar planet that is rocky and larger than Earth is often called a __________. Our modern theory of solar system formation—the nebular theory—successfully accounts for all the major features of our own solar system. A) the excess absorption of starlight at specific wavelengths. A more successful technique has been to search for a cyclical Doppler shift in the light coming from a star. Which one of the following can the transit method tell us about a planet? A) Earth-mass, in Earth-like orbits. 10) Where are the Trojan asteroids located? A) surface temperature on the horizontal axis and luminosity on the vertical axis. The four graphs show Doppler data for four different stars. 28) On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where would we find white dwarfs? A) minimum mass. Choose the correct statement describing the Doppler method. Their masses are similar to Jupiter but they are very close to the central star and therefore hot. 17) Which of the following persons reorganized the spectral classification scheme into the one, 18) Which of the following persons used the ideas of quantum mechanics to describe why the, 19) Suppose you see two main-sequence stars of the same spectral type. 16) The reason that most extrasolar planets are found close to their parent stars is. While the Doppler technique is most widely used for detecting extrasolar planets, it is best suited to look for very massive planets orbiting close to their parent star. Giant planets in more distant orbits have also been detected through imaging and gravitational microlensing surveys . A planet’s density can be measured by combining The graph shows how a star's orbital speed varies with time because of the gravitational tug of an orbiting planet. 4) What two forces are balanced in what we call gravitational equilibrium? It applies to both sound and light (although they are somewhat different mathematically). However, we think that it is possible for planets to migrate through their disks because of interactions with the gas in the disk. If a planet can be detected by both methods, then we can find its density—an indication of its composition. D) The two planets have an orbital resonance that prevents them from colliding. A) It dredged up material that gave us our first direct look at Jupiter's interior composition. E) The electron neutrinos created in the Sun change into another type of neutrino that we do not, 33) The light radiated from the Sun's surface reaches Earth in about 8 minutes, but the energy of. C) Their masses are similar to Jupiter but they are very close to the central star and therefore hot. By itself, the Doppler technique provides a measure of a planet’s. Stay Connected. If so, why can't they be detected? 11) Which layer of the Sun do we normally see? 29) You observe a star in the disk of the Milky Way, and you want to plot the star on an H-R, 30) On the main sequence, stars obtain their energy, 31) The faintest star visible to the naked eye has an apparent visual magnitude of about. "We don't yet have techniques that can find planets of that size, but our new data will get us much closer." This page updated on February 10, 2016. The transit method has the advantage of yielding a planet's size. 32) Where did comets that are now in the Kuiper belt originally form? C) Jupiter-mass, in very close orbits. Which of the following is a consequence of the discovery of hot Jupiters for understanding our own Solar System? Why are many of the newly detected extrasolar planets called "hot Jupiters"? jovian planets can form only in the cold, outer regions of a solar system. 25) Why are many of the newly detected extrasolar planets called "hot Jupiters"? 40) What observations characterize solar maximum? Jovian planets always form in the cold, outer regions of their star system; Terrestrial planets always form in the warm, inner regions of their star system; Jovian planets can migrate inward and disrupt the orbits of terrestrial planets. A) the bubbling pattern on the photosphere produced by the underlying convection, B) areas of the corona where magnetic field lines project into space, allowing charged particles. In fact, our formation model does not allow jovian planets to form that close to their stars. 37) Which of the following luminosity classes refers to stars on the main sequence? 32) Viewed from afar, the transit of Earth would cause the Sun's brightness to dim by, 33) If every star had an Earth-like planet in an Earth-like orbit, how many could be detected by a, 1) In the late 1800s, Kelvin and Helmholtz suggested that the Sun stayed hot thanks to, A) It predicted that the Sun could last only about 25 million years, which is far less than the age, 2) When is/was gravitational contraction an important energy-generation mechanism for the, C) when the Sun was being formed from a collapsing cloud of gas. C) It shows that we do not fully understand the formation of our Solar System. A) detection of reflected light by the planet, 5) Most of the planets discovered around other stars. Which location represents a planet that has about the same composition as Earth but is larger in both size and mass. Current techniques can measure stellar motion to less than. 5) What are the standard units for apparent brightness? It is the change in frequency (and wavelength) due to relative motion of the source and observer. Until the launch of Kepler it was the method that had found the most planets. D) all of the above . A human hair viewed from a distance of 2000 miles. This graph plots planetary mass on the horizontal axis and planetary radius on the vertical axis. Just over 20 years ago, we were completely unaware of the existence of any planets outside our own solar system. More than a thousand extrasolar planets are now known, but most have been detected indirectly through Doppler shifts or photometric detection of eclipses. B) dust injected into the stratosphere from the impact absorbed visible light from the Sun. 29) What part of a comet points most directly away from the Sun? B) Jupiter-mass, in Jupiter-like orbits. About 97% of all confirmed exoplanets have been discovered using indirect techniques like this. More extrasolar planets were later detected by observing the variation of the star’s apparent luminosity as an orbiting planet transited in front of it. These data were obtained by measuring __________. C) Gravitational tugs from Jupiter prevented material from collecting together to form a planet. C) orbital eccentricity. 27) On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where would we find red giant stars? minimum mass, orbital radius, orbital eccentricity. 26) Halley's comet is named after the English scientist Edmund Halley because he. B) orbital radius. The star TrES-1 has a radius of about 85 % of our Sun's radius. Armed with state-of-the-art telescopes and other high-tech tools, astronomers are spotting new worlds at an astonishing rate. Just over 20 years ago, we were completely unaware of the existence of any planets outside our own solar system. the precise wavelengths of spectral lines in the spectrum of the star. big planets in edge-on orbits around small stars. 31) Where did comets that are now in the Oort cloud originally form? 40) In the asteroid impact theory of the extinction of the dinosaurs some 65 million years ago. What technique, C) finding the main-sequence turnoff point of the stars. C) Jupiter-mass, in very close orbits. 28) Studies of sunquakes, or helioseismology, have revealed that. Many of these planets have orbits that differ significantly from perfect circles. The transit method of planet detection works best for. Choose the correct description of advantages gained if a planet can be detected by both methods. 30) Why are neutrinos so difficult to detect? 43) In order to understand star clusters, we need to be able to estimate their ages. The planetary transits block 2 % of the star's light. The Doppler technique has the main advantage of being able to detect planets in a wide range of orbits—as long as the orbit is not face-on. 41) Humans have not sent a spacecraft into the interior of the Sun to confirm any models of the. Although planets had previously been detected orbiting pulsars, 51 Pegasi b was the first planet ever found orbiting a main-sequence star, and the first detected using Doppler spectroscopy. The radial velocity technique is able to detect planets around low-mass stars, such as M-type (red dwarf) stars. What would happen to the planets in a solar system where the central star did not have a strong wind? 28) When do comets generally begin to form a tail? jupiter-mass in very close orbits . are more massive than Earth and orbit very close to the star. Choose the correct statement explaing what was the Kepler mission? The star's light dims slightly because the planet blocks some of the star's visible light. 23) On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where would we find stars that are cool and dim? 39) Why are Cepheid variables so important for measuring distances in astronomy? 37) Why won't Pluto collide with Neptune? Answer: D. 9) Planets detected via the Doppler technique have been mostly . 6) If the distance between us and a star is doubled, with everything else remaining the same, the. 33) Comets with extremely elliptical orbits, like comets Hyakutake and Hale-Bopp, 34) The number of comets in the Oort cloud is probably about. The composition of a planet can be determined by, The reason that most extrasolar planets are found close to their parent stars is. walking speed. Historic Timeline A planetary tour through time. 38) In a pulsating variable star, which characteristic of the star changes dramatically with time? If aliens had constructed this graph at their home star system, they could learn all of the following except________________. A planet's gravitational tug on a star can also be seen in measurements of the star's radial velocity, its motion toward or away from us along the line of sight from Earth to the star.As the star orbits the system's center of mass, it alternately moves toward, then away from us. What are the two main differences between extrasolar planetary systems discovered to date and our Solar System? 8) By itself, the Doppler technique provides a measure of a planet's . 12) The large gaps in the asteroid belt (often called Kirkwood gaps) are caused by. 26) On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where on the main sequence would we find stars that. yes, by measuring both the star's orbital period and its change in velocity over the orbit. 29) Which statement best describes the solar neutrino problem? 9) The combined mass of all the asteroids in the asteroid belt is. The Doppler technique has the main advantage of being able to detect planets in a wide range of orbits - as long as the orbit is It is most sensitive to close to their stars. D) all of the above . Which of the following do we learn about the planet? What can you conclude about the extrasolar planets shown on this graph? Notice the four locations marked by the bold numbers 1 through 4. Planets detected via the Doppler technique have been mostly. Calculate the average density of the planet. 24) Processed meteorites with low metal content probably are. 22) A planet is detected via the Doppler technique. Why did this hypothesis gain favor over alternative ideas? A) Luminosity = (apparent brightness)/4π x (distance)^2, 8) Why do astronomers often measure the visible-light apparent brightness instead of the total, B) In order to measure the total apparent brightness of a star, you must measure its brightness in, 9) Suppose you measure the parallax angle for a particular star to be 0.1 arcsecond. D) the winding of magnetic field lines due to differential rotation. 20) What are the two main differences between extrasolar planetary systems discovered to date, C) extrasolar planet orbits tend to be closer and more eccentric than in our Solar System, 21) A planet is detected via the Doppler technique. Star 1 is dimmer in. Much to the astronomy communities amazement, the first planet discovered via this technique was roughly half the size of Jupiter, but on an orbit significantly smaller than Mercury's! 27) What do models suggest make up the clouds on "hot Jupiters"? The Doppler technique only provides a measure of the minimum mass of a planet because The __________ was used to find a Jupiter-sized planet through careful measurements of the changing position of a star in the sky. Scientists have detected more than 400 planets using the Doppler technique but have yet to discover a solar system similar to ours. 41) Why was the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impact so important to astronomers? walking speed. Multiple-planet systems have been identified around other stars via the Doppler technique. To determine a planet's average density, we can use. 14) Why do sunspots appear dark in pictures of the Sun? C) a fragment of an asteroid from the solar system that has fallen to Earth's surface. 7) How does the largest asteroid, Ceres, compare in size to other solar system worlds? Which of the following methods has led to the most discoveries of massive planets orbiting near their parent stars? Is it possible to determine the planet's mass from the star's velocity curve? D) near the radius at which they orbit today. The planets detected through direct imaging currently fall into two categories. What can be said about a different planet orbiting the same star with an orbital period of 500 days? Is the planet terrestrial or jovian in nature? The signature of a planet is largest in radial velocity measurements when the planet and star are lined up along the line of sight to the telescope. Notice the four locations marked by the bold numbers 1 through 4. In that case, the revised nebular theory looks just like the old theory, except that it now allows for the possibility of migration. The reason that most extrasolar planets are found close to their parent stars is the amount and frequency of the star's motion are both higher. 24) The depth of the dip in a star's brightness due to the transit of a planet depends most directly. First, planets are found around stars more massive than the Sun which are young enough to have protoplanetary disks. They formed as gas giants beyond the frost line and then migrated inwards. This technique is called the radial velocity or "wobble" method. 3) What are the standard units for luminosity? 8) What is the average temperature of the surface of the Sun? At least about 15% of stars have a planet similar in size to Earth. A) The strength of gravity on small asteroids is less than the strength of the rock. Some are detected by direct imaging, but these are planets much larger than Jupiter, orbiting at much greater distances than Jupiter (although see below). 51 Pegasi is a planet whose orbital period is so short (4 days) that it must lie incredibly close to its star. Compared to the planets of our solar system, the composition of a __________ most resembles the compositions of Uranus and Neptune. A) Low-mass stars are cooler and less luminous than high-mass stars. The Doppler Effect Wails and Redshifts . A planet which is of similar proportions to Jupiter, exerts a slight Gravitational pull on its parent star. 27) In order to have a comet named after you, you have to, C) be one of the first three discoverers who report it to the International Astronomical Union. It requires large telescopes, and it provides only minimum mass when orbital inclination to … 5) Why do asteroids and comets differ in composition? Stellar orbits are point reflections of their planets’ orbits, scaled down by the planet-to-star mass ratios. 34) What happens to energy in the convection zone of the Sun? It shows that we do not fully understand the formation of our Solar System. 20) How much mass does the Sun lose through nuclear fusion per second? 1) Approximately, what basic composition are all stars born with? Both techniques are most sensitive to large planets close to their stars. B) along Jupiter's orbit, 60° ahead of and behind Jupiter, 11) We know that there are large gaps in the average distances of asteroids from the Sun (within. 27) How do we know what goes on under the surface of the Sun? 16) How does the Sun generate energy today? 17) The Doppler technique only provides a measure of the minimum mass of a planet because. Which graph reveals the existence of a planet with the greatest mass? C) Energy is transported outward by the rising of hot plasma and the sinking of cooler plasma. 29) What would happen to the planets in a solar system where the central star did not have a, C) The gas in the solar nebula would create a drag on the planets and their orbits would migrate, 30) Which of the following is a consequence of the discovery of hot Jupiters for the nebular, C) It has been modified to allow for planets to migrate inwards or outwards due to gravitational, 31) Which of the following is a consequence of the discovery of hot Jupiters for understanding. 13) Based on its surface temperature of 5,800 K, what color are most of the photons that leave. Are there certain planets that each method cannot detect, even if the planets are very large? 25) On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where would we find stars that have the largest radii? E) total amount of light that the star radiates each second. Extrasolar planets are very challenging to direct directly, ranging from 10^4 to 10^10 times fainter than their parent star. C) calculated its orbit and predicted that it would return in 1758. The depth of the dip in a star's brightness due to the transit of a planet depends most directly on. Which of the following statements are consistent with this revised theory? Assume that all four stars have planetary systems oriented the same way toward Earth, so that the data can be compared fairly. However, then m p is large and m s is small it does have a noticable effect. Question 9 0.5 out of 0.5 points If every star had an Earth-like planet in an Earth-like orbit, how many could be detected by a transit? Planets detected via the doppler technique have been. D) We see many sunspots on the surface of the Sun. There are no hot Jupiters in our solar system. Planetary orbits that are face-on to our line of sight produce no Doppler shift in the stellar spectrum. 6) How much brighter is a Sun-like star than the reflected light from a planet orbiting around it? 35) What is the typical size of comets that enter the inner solar system? 2) Approximately how many other planetary systems have been discovered to date? D) only the motion of star toward the observer is measured, not the full motion. 26) The composition of a planet's atmosphere be measured during a transit by analyzing. 39) What processes are involved in the sunspot cycle? 4) Which of the following methods has not yet detected planets around other stars? However, when the first hot Jupiters were discovered, their existence seemed inconsistent with the nebular theory because this theory predicts that __________. B) are more massive than Earth and orbit very close to the star. C) Their luminosity can be inferred from their period. 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