0000002123 00000 n during November 2009 until February 2010. Based on the, west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. 94 0 obj <> endobj One such effort is presented in this paper. We used TFlash to analyse a TLA installation on a 132-kV SSWW-BBST overhead transmission line system located in Selangor, Malaysia. It also describes a novel approach for measurements of the physical LSMs. 0000003342 00000 n The striking distance of lightning flashes and the early streamer emission (ESE) hypothesis. Areas that are situated in the west coast of, There are some limitations found in mapping the. This A questionnaire survey is done among 100 respondents, comprised of an equal number of participants from each gender. identification accuracy. Benjamin Franklin was the first to prove electricity in lightning in 1752, yet, we still remain in awe of lightning which flashes in its mystery. The finding of this research can be made use in risk management analysis, lightning protection analysis, township planning projects and the like. The data is classified into nine regions as, The system stops at 250 epochs with MSE of, at the Central region with an average of 5172. strikes during September 2009 to October 2010. According to the ESE hypothesis, the striking distance of a lightning conductor can be increased by the artificial initiation of streamers from a lightning conductor. University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, This research focuses on artificial intelligence (AI), Peninsular Malaysia. It also found that the blunt configuration has the lowest breakdown voltage in both conditions. Where does lightning flash most frequently? Each herbs If you are not in the United Kingdom and you know the flash density figure for your location, then … The classification accuracy of the n-tuple neuro-fuzzy system and the classical n-tuple classifier is compared using handwritten numerals from NIST database. several parts of Australia, experience heavy annual lightning occurrence density [1]-[12]. The analysis was carried out according to twelve months lightning data strikes which had been made available by Global Lightning Network (GLN). 0000001571 00000 n This paper presents TNBR experience in the development and use of the network in TNB. This research focuses on (AI) technique i.e. And lightning seems to happen more often closer to the equator. According to the analysis result of lightning performance, setting lightning protection devices selectively can improve its lightning performance effectively with lesser cost, which has a good technology and economy. density, 3h/6h avg. Hybrid A high level of lightning activity, N t >10km 2yr 1, is observed in the northern parts of Australia, and a decrease in total flash density occurs southward to N h�b```e``����� � ̀ �@6�8�b0�Q�vPpks���w����+;_�oM�I8z��MͿ�5�l���+h�R� ��"WR�#�Oj�0 K��������(T�\����k��Dl���yg�r�Ei^�" ��+DRU�͉�0[PtF��x΍��흡�q����h 9��$�������5444�����������@� j!�`o *@�n��i~ V� In this paper the striking distance of stepped leaders is derived as a function of conductor height, conductor radii and the prospective return stroke current. 111 0 obj <>stream Click the image for a larger version of the map. 2B. Herbs have been used for medication and food production. It has been estimated that lightning strikes somewhere on the surface of the Earth about 100 times every second. The system combines the advantages of the n-tuple sampling technique and fuzzy inference system. The map shows the average lightning flash density in flashes/km2/year - for the United States. This research will be helpful in risk management and lightning protection analysis by determining the area and characterizing the lightning strikes around the Grid station. Therefore the formulation of two AI techniques known as hybrid is definitely take full advantage of AI. It presents laboratory test findings on different configuration tip design of LATs. Transmission-Lightning-Arrester : A Location Determination Using Tflash, Smart Lightning Detection System for Smart-City Infrastructure Using Artificial Neural Network, Analysis of Transmission Lightning Arrester Locations Using Tflash, Voltage Distribution of a Wind Turbine Transformer Under Direct Lightning Strike: Effects of the Grounding of Cable Shield, Recent statistics on lightning fatalities in Malaysia, Lightning monitoring system for sustainable energy supply: A review, Public Beliefs about Lightning in Malaysia, On the effect of lightning on a solar photovoltaic system, Lightning distance mobile application lightning distance calculator, Risk management analysis with the help of lightning strike mapping around 500 k-v grid station using artificial intelligence technique, A hybrid n-tuple neuro-fuzzy classifier for handwritten numerals recognition, Fuzzy Neural Intelligent Systems: Mathematical Foundation and the Applications in Engineering, Neuro-fuzzy and soft computing : a computational approach to learning and machine intelligence, Tuning of learning rate and momentum on backpropagation, State of the Art of Neural Networks in Meteorology, Lightning Air Terminals Performance Under Conditions Without Ionization and With Ionization, Implementation and Use of Lightning Detection Network in Malaysia, Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing--A Computational Approach to Learning and Machine Intelligence, Multifractal characterization and fuzzy classification of lightning strike maps, Formulation of Algorithm to Classify Distinctive Odors Pattern of Aromatic Plant Species using Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Techniques, Multilevel Inverter for Power Quality Mitigation, Integrated OBD-II and Mobile Application for Electric Vehicle (EV) Monitoring System, Performance of surge arresters in a low voltage distribution system. (TNBR), a research arm of TNB, has installed a lightning detection network (LDN) in Peninsular Malaysia in 1994. Fuzzy logic has been successfully applied in, order to characterize the location into eight, regions to identify the location where the, lightning strikes. • A typical lightning flash is about 300 million Volts and about 30,000 Amps. method has many advantages compared to conventional method that requires botanists. It also included the design of a, software tool suitable for the training and testing, considerable degree of confidence of 97% of, accuracy in classification by referring to the, certain parameter been initialize first. Features have been extracted using the RS. / 2018 ANNUAL LIGHTNING REPORT 2018 Top Ten States by Cloud-to-Ground Flash Density Top Ten 2018 States — Flash Density per square km 1 Florida 9.34 2 Louisiana 7.13 3 Arkansas 5.65 4 Mississippi 5.50 5 Oklahoma 5.30 6 Alabama 4.71 7 Georgia 4.54 8 Iowa 4.46 9 Nebraska 4.45 10 Kansas 4.37 It is a fact that Malaysia encounters more than 70% of power outages due to lightning and it is known as the “Crown of Lightning” in the world. Lightning photograph: A night-time photograph of multiple cloud-to-ground and cloud-to-cloud lightning strokes. 0000049033 00000 n Head, 29.63% of the cases presented with ear bleedin, [1]. have been categorized as having high lightning and thunderstorm activities. All three AI techniques have succes, classify lightning strikes. Lightning data provided by the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network. Map is for general informational and educational purposes only and is not indicative of current or future lightning activity. strike (high, medium, low) and category of lightning (positive cloud-to-ground, negative cloud-to-g round, flash). classify the test sample is subjected to it, generalization ability. 0000001056 00000 n Outcomes of a comprehensive survey on the public beliefs in Malaysia with regard to the nature of lightning and lightning safety have been presented. TNB as the main power supply utility in Malaysia has made an effort to reduce the power interruptions via installation of Lightning Detection Network (LDN) in 1994. Map of Global Lightning Strikes. In the classification stage, ANN with different combinations of network training function, hidden layer transfer function output layer transfer function, number of neurons in the hidden layer and different number of epochs has been used to classify the buildings into their respective classes. Because of symmetrical electric structure, the treble-circuit transmission lines suffer from lightning trip-out for more than one circuit in a lightning strike. The results cast doubt on the validity of the ESE hypothesis. The proposed approach consists of four stages namely data collection, data labeling, classification; and performance evaluation. A lightning monitoring system is used to observe, collect and analyse lightning activities so that a preventive measure to protect power equipment from severe damage can be planned. Thus, a, Figure 10: Mapping of the lightning strike, desired characteristics. As the pattern is set, to 1 the number of hidden layer begins wit, Hoff Rule. The data pixels are 0.5deg on a side (720x360 pixels globally). Each year, thousands of homes and other properties are damaged or destroyed by lightning. All parts related to the power generation in a wind turbine, including the step up transformer are modeled by lumped parameters using the Matlab/Simulink software. The global maps shows the average density of lightning strikes per square kilometer based on data from 1995 to 2013. These gridded climatologies include annual mean flash rate density, mean diurnal cycle of flash rate density, and the mean annual cycle of flash rate density with daily, monthly, or seasonal resolution. More: Global Lightning (NASA). 0000000656 00000 n When multi-circuit transmission lines were struck by lightning, two or more circuits may flash over in the same time, which would bring a serious impact on the power grid. The n-tuple neuro-fuzzy classifier achieves an accuracy of 98.5% on classifying unseen numerals. In comparison, household values are 240 Volts and 15 Amps. Lightning is one of the most beautiful displays in nature yet it is the most deadly natural phenomenon known to man. Lightning Detection System (LDS) consists of eight sensors. Base reflectivity (dBZ) Mid-Level Lapse rate, 3-5.5km (K/km) Low-Level Shear 0-0.6 mi (kn) Deep Layer Shear 0-4 mi (kn) CAPE (most unstable layer) (J/kg) CAPE (MU layer), EPS average (J/kg) CIN (most unstable layer) (J/kg) Lightning density (Flashes/km²/day) Lightn. It is consist three main phases of a development cycle iteration which are analysis and design and lastly followed by implementation. The, 73.5% accuracy. To get outcomes within a short frame of time having high accuracy Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a better choice to be used. The percentage that agreed with correct statements is slightly below 50%. Such information plays a vital role in developing lightning safety guidelines for a given region. Nine predefined areas in Peninsular Malaysia we, Network (GLN). Lightning Flash Density (see map atongs.del The collection area of the The intended use of the structure The type Of construction What is housed within The location of the the topography ot the area Co This map is based on data cottected prtor to 1999. sance then the climate has warmed and strike density witt have increased. It caused a lot of damage electrical equipments in Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) power system [1]. importance of herbal remedy in Malaysia. In the backpropagation process, the amendment of interconnecting weights given to the units of the input layer or hidden layer is calculated by the momentum (α) and the learning rate (η). Traditional unbalanced insulation design to reduce the double-circuit flashover rate of double-circuit, The treble-circuit transmission lines are widely used to increasing energy transportation efficiency and saving land. The data have been characterized by both the RS and MS. The lightning strike towards the surface, on earth has been estimated at 100 times every, fatality to humans and animals. Since Malaysia is one of the countries with the highest number of lightning strikes in the world, the number of deaths and injuries are quite high due to low level of awareness of lightning safety and its dangers. )Ӎ��Nm�c�>k��Y��#}֙����x�~�1k*E�K�#����w�965�k��%�W� In October 2009, the, (S) with 15764 strikes. United State National Lightning Safety, Institution reported that Malaysia has highest, lightning activities in the world whilst the, average-thunder day level for Malaysia’s capital, Kuala Lumpur within 180 - 260 days per annum, ground flash density is about 15-20 strike per, voltage and transient electric discharge. LATs are tested under conditions with and without ionization to simulate the conditions that will prevail in real lightning condition. This product is available through our Web Map Service. Only 54% of the sample indicated disagreement with incorrect statements in the questionnaire. The number of training cycles, therefore, depends on α and η, so that it is necessary to choose the most suitable values for α and η. Source: NASA All rights reserved. A, The attachment of a lightning flash to a lightning conductor (or to any other structure) takes place through a connecting leader that rises from the structure towards the descending stepped leader of a lightning flash. This in turn calls for more experimental data and field validations before using the ESE hypothesis in standard lightning protection practice. Meanwhile, there are no flash occurred. In the data labeling stage, the data collected are given labels according to the types of buildings. endstream endobj 103 0 obj <>stream As having high lightning and thunderstorm activities [ 2, 3 ] around the planet pattern for herbs established! 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